Thomas Descartes s Dream Argument And The Dream...

In the First Meditation Descartes famously presented his ‘dream argument’ or ‘dream paradox’ in which he questions how we can distinguish between dreams and waking life. In this essay, I will explore various responses to the argument such as Hobbes and Locke and how I think Descartes would dismiss these arguments. I will finally present my own criticism alongside the work of Austin, Simpson and Ryle in order to illustrate the inconsistency of Descartes claims. In order to deconstruct the dream paradox I will appeal to one of the three common methods of solving paradoxes; denying a premise, particularly the first premise as this results in the collapse of the remaining conditional premises. I will ultimately show that the dream argument is a paradox and how this causes the dream argument to fail. Descartes aim throughout the first segment of his Meditations to overthrow existing foundations of knowledge and encourages readers to remove prior knowledge and prejudices in order to fully accept the new foundations which he aims to establish. The method of doubt is used to find beliefs that can serve as a new foundation for knowledge. Only beliefs that are certain, immune from doubt, can perform this function. Descartes argued that what we believe on the basis of the senses cannot meet the standard. Consequently, he concluded, we do not know anything on the basis of our senses and the dream argument is formed. The ‘dream argument’ results from a realization by Descartes that heShow MoreRelatedLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 PagesÅžtefan Afloroaei / Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism†: Excesses in interpreting a classic* Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi Abstract The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely â€Å"the dualism of substance†. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. AsRead MoreChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 Pages(worldviews) in the world (Anthropologist’s participant observation teaches us this somber reality) (Wagner 1981: 4) and that their own religion (worldview) is not always correct (The Galileo’s telescope is an epoch making incident). After Renà © Descartes’ (1596-1650) famous cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am) which is closely connected with dubito ergo sum, autonomous rationality is being uphold as the final authority to arbitrate the truthfulness of all worldviews (Anderson 1990: 32-33). Read MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesOxford University Press, 1974. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-226-52130-3 (pbk.) 1. Motion pictures—Semiotics. 2. Motion pictures— Philosophy. I. Title. PN1995.M4513 1991 791.43 014—dc20 90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-PermanenceRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesstructure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Essay about The History of the American Civil War

The American Civil war, also know as the War Between the States, was a bloody war to end slavery. It all started with eleven states seceding from the Union to form their own nation to be able to enslave the African American. The eleven states formed the Confederate States of America, also known as Confederacy, under their president Jefferson Davis. The Civil war came about in 1861 as the North wanted stop the eleven southern states from seceding and forming their own nation just so they can uphold slavery. However, despite having the cold Civil War in the 1860s, all the effort to gain a â€Å"new birth of freedom† went in vain. Although the North were advance than the South and were to defeat them in the war, they had in reality lost. By the†¦show more content†¦Congress penalizing any interference with the registration, voting, office holding, or jury service of blacks (Document ER). In the 1866 in Tennessee, an organization known as the Invisible Empire of the South , or Ku Klux Klan, sprouted. This organization consisted of racist Whites who hated the Black and so it wan an organization that scared Blacks from not voting or seeking any jobs. Document F shows that the â€Å"KKK† organization often used terror and violence to scare the blacks. The members of this organization were known as Klansman and these Klansman burned churches and schools, hanged teachers and educated blacks. Blacks were often whipped for refusing to work for whites, for having intimate relations with whites, for arguing with whites, or for having jobs whites wanted. Or else, these blacks were brutally beaten, as shown in Document F, just for being an African American. Document H also tells about the Klansman and that they would wear masks and long white gowns to frightened people and if anyone would show bravery they would be whipped, maimed, or killed. With gaining freedom, countless freemen did not know what to do. Since they did not have money and many places to work, thousands of freemen became sharecropper farmers (Thomas Bailey, Document J). However many loyal slaves did return to their their masters as they had nowhere to go. Many African American also went to the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and AbandonedShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War On American History1206 Words   |  5 Pagescountry divided, the Civil War left a huge impact in history as it helped form what our nation is today. An inevitable conflict that was due in time to transform into a war, the Civil War was influenced by societal interests, economic changes along with political disagreements. Together, these influences sparked a nation into a great divide that ended in what is known as the deadliest war in American history. Just In the aftermath of the industrial revolution, the Civil War was ignited due to economicRead MoreAmerican History : The Civil War1138 Words   |  5 PagesWar makes us what we are. It changes our lives and makes our past into the future. One of the most important events in American history was the Civil War (1861 to 1865). The Civil War changed thousands of lives and our nation. At the beginning the Civil War, it divided our country but at the end of the Civil War, it brought our country back together recreating the United States. â€Å"But the Civil War defined us as what we are and it opened us to being what we became, good and bad things. It was theRead MoreThe Civil War And American History890 Words   |  4 Pages In American History many significant events took place that reflected religious faith of multiple Americans and has shaped the world we live in today. Throughout the 1800s, the most memorable times in America took place throughout the Civil War. Events that esc alated before, during and even following the Civil War resulted in a chain of reactions from many people within that period. After analyzing the events of the Civil War, I was able to draw a connection to the actions of the soldiers, womenRead MoreThe Civil War And American History1528 Words   |  7 Pages Before we discuss the Civil War, we need to discuss how and what lead to this major turning point in American History. Both sides, the Union and the Confederate had its reasons to attack each other. Whether it be the lack of contribution towards the government by the South, or the constant disturbance to free slaves from the North, tempers flared years before the first shots were ever fired. The disagreements between the North and the South were too much for the South to endure, they felt forcedRead MoreAmerican History And The Civil War Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesOne of American history’s famous battles involves the diverging of Northern and Southern states. Even wh en this time period itself is taught, at least from my experience learning it, that divide between Northern and Southern ideology seems even more pronounced. As United States territory expanded, so did hesitations of citizens on both sides—both Northerners and Southerners thought strongholds were put in place to sway governmental opinion, and consequently, actions. In order to bring the nationRead MoreHistory And The American Civil War Essay1927 Words   |  8 PagesIn the history of the United States, African Americans have always been discriminated against. When Africans first came to America, they were taken against their will and forced to work as laborers. They became slaves to the rich, greedy, lazy Americans. They were given no pay and often badly whipped and beaten. African Americans fought for their freedom, and up until the Civil War it was never given to them. When the Civil War began, they wanted to take part in fighting to free all slaves. TheirRead MoreThe Civi l War And American History2238 Words   |  9 PagesRachel Lee Professor Salazar History 141 4 December 2014 The Civil War The Civil War is a war that happens within a country and in this case, the Civil War took place in the United States between the North and the South. The Civil War happened between the North and the South for various reasons. Both sides expected a short war with few casualties, and instead a little over 1 million soldiers died in the Civil War. After the war was over, the war left a huge impact on the modern world through theRead MoreAmerican History And The American Civil War1610 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout American history, the United States Mint has coined several denominations that would now be considered â€Å"odd† or â€Å"strange† by the general public: the half cent, two-cent piece, three-cent piece, half dime, twenty-cent piece, quarter eagle, three dollar piece, half eagle, eagle, and double eagle. At the time, however, many of these were seen in everyday circulation, a completely normal denomination. Each of them had a purpose behind its inception and a practical use after mintage. For exampleRead MoreThe Civil War Is The Deadliest War Of American History Essay1853 Words   |  8 PagesThe Civil War is the deadliest war in American History. Between 1861 and 1865, over 600,000 brave souls lost their lives at nearly 10,500 battles. By the end of the war, there were nearly 200,000 African-Americans that fought on the side of the North, with 80 percent recruited from slave states (Half Slave and Half Free, 240). Wars are fought over irreconcilable differences. There may not be one specific cause. Directly or indirectly, slavery was intertwined in many of these differences and the physicalRead MoreU.s History : American Civil War1423 Words   |  6 PagesOmer Bhatti U.S History I Professor Ojserkis U.S History I: Final Paper In early April 1861, the attack on Fort Sumter marked the beginning of the American Civil War. However, the belligerence of both sides of the war began long before the first shot. There is a great deal of possible causes of the Civil War, and in much disagreement with popular belief the war was not solely fought about the existence of slavery. Unfortunately, there is no simple reason why the war began because there were many

Deception Point Page 101 Free Essays

Now, with Sexton standing before her, staring down, she sensed him searching her eyes for a lie. Sedgewick Sexton could smell untruths like nobody Gabrielle had ever met. If she lied to him, Sexton would know. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 101 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"You’ve been drinking,† Gabrielle said, turning away. How does he know I was in his office? Sexton put his hands on her shoulders and spun her back around. â€Å"Were you in my office?† Gabrielle felt a rising fear. Sexton had indeed been drinking. His touch was rough. â€Å"In your office?† she demanded, forcing a confused laugh. â€Å"How? Why?† â€Å"I heard my Jourdain in the background when I called you.† Gabrielle cringed inwardly. His clock? It had not even occurred to her. â€Å"Do you know how ridiculous that sounds?† â€Å"I spend all day in that office. I know what my clock sounds like.† Gabrielle sensed she had to end this immediately. The best defense is a good offense. At least that’s what Yolanda Cole always said. Placing her hands on her hips, Gabrielle went for him with all she had. She stepped toward him, getting in his face, glaring. â€Å"Let me get this straight, senator. It’s four o’clock in the morning, you’ve been drinking, you heard a ticking on your phone, and that’s why you’re here?† She pointed her finger indignantly down the hall at his door. â€Å"Just for the record, are you accusing me of disarming a federal alarm system, picking two sets of locks, breaking into your office, being stupid enough to answer my cellphone while in the process of committing a felony, rearming the alarm system on my way out, and then calmly using the ladies’ room before I run off with nothing to show for it? Is that the story here?† Sexton blinked, wide-eyed. â€Å"There’s a reason people shouldn’t drink alone,† Gabrielle said. â€Å"Now do you want to talk about NASA, or not?† Sexton felt befuddled as he walked back into his office. He went straight to his wet bar and poured himself a Pepsi. He sure as hell didn’t feel drunk. Could he really have been wrong about this? Across the room, his Jourdain ticked mockingly. Sexton drained his Pepsi and poured himself another, and one for Gabrielle. â€Å"Drink, Gabrielle?† he asked, turning back into the room. Gabrielle had not followed him in. She was still standing in the doorway, rubbing his nose in it. â€Å"Oh, for God’s sake! Come in. Tell me what you found out at NASA.† â€Å"I think I’ve had enough for tonight,† she said, sounding distant. â€Å"Let’s talk tomorrow.† Sexton was in no mood for games. He needed this information now, and he had no intention of begging for it. He heaved a tired sigh. Extend the bond of trust. It’s all about trust. â€Å"I screwed up,† he said. â€Å"I’m sorry. It’s been a hell of a day. I don’t know what I was thinking.† Gabrielle remained in the doorway. Sexton walked to his desk and set Gabrielle’s Pepsi down on his blotter. He motioned to his leather chair-the position of power. â€Å"Have a seat. Enjoy a soda. I’m going to go stick my head in the sink.† He headed for the bathroom. Gabrielle still wasn’t moving. â€Å"I think I saw a fax in the machine,† Sexton called over his shoulder as he entered the bathroom. Show her you trust her. â€Å"Have a look at it for me, will you?† Sexton closed the door and filled the sink with cold water. He splashed it on his face and felt no clearer. This had never happened to him before-being so sure, and being so wrong. Sexton was a man who trusted his instincts, and his instincts told him Gabrielle Ashe had been in his office. But how? It was impossible. Sexton told himself to forget about it and focus on the matter at hand. NASA. He needed Gabrielle right now. This was no time to alienate her. He needed to know what she knew. Forget your instincts. You were wrong. As Sexton dried his face, he threw his head back and took a deep breath. Relax, he told himself. Don’t get punchy. He closed his eyes and inhaled deeply again, feeling better. When Sexton exited the bathroom, he was relieved to see Gabrielle had acquiesced and come back into his office. Good, he thought. Now we can get to business. Gabrielle was standing at his fax machine flipping through whatever pages had come in. Sexton was confused, however, when he saw her face. It was a mask of disorientation and fear. â€Å"What is it?† Sexton said, moving toward her. Gabrielle teetered, as if she were about to pass out. â€Å"What?† â€Å"The meteorite†¦ † she choked, her voice frail as her trembling hand held the stack of fax papers out to him. â€Å"And your daughter†¦ she’s in danger.† Bewildered, Sexton walked over, and took the fax pages from Gabrielle. The top sheet was a handwritten note. Sexton immediately recognized the writing. The communique was awkward and shocking in its simplicity. Meteorite is fake. Here’s proof. NASA/White House trying to kill me. Help! RS The senator seldom felt totally at a loss of understanding, but as he reread Rachel’s words, he had no idea what to make of them. The meteorite is a fake? NASA and the White House are trying to kill her? In a deepening haze, Sexton began sifting through the half dozen sheets. The first page was a computerized image whose heading read â€Å"Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR).† The picture appeared to be an ice-sounding of some sort. Sexton saw the extraction pit they had talked about on television. His eye was drawn to what looked like the faint outline of a body floating in the shaft. Then he saw something even more shocking-the clear outline of a second shaft directly beneath where the meteorite had been-as if the stone had been inserted from underneath the ice. What in the world? Flipping to the next page, Sexton came face-to-face with a photograph of some sort of living ocean species called a Bathynomous giganteus. He stared in utter amazement. That’s the animal from the meteorite fossils! Flipping faster now, he saw a graphic display depicting the ionized hydrogen content in the meteorite’s crust. This page had a handwritten scrawl on it: Slush-hydrogen burn? NASA Expander Cycle Engine? Sexton could not believe his eyes. With the room starting to spin around him, he flipped to the final page-a photo of a rock containing metallic bubbles that looked exactly like those in the meteorite. Shockingly, the accompanying description said the rock was the product of oceanic volcanism. A rock from the ocean? Sexton wondered. But NASA said chondrules form only in space! Sexton set the sheets down on his desk and collapsed in his chair. It had taken him only fifteen seconds to piece together everything he was looking at. The implications of the images on the papers were crystal clear. Anyone with half a brain could see what these photos proved. The NASA meteorite is a fake! No day in Sexton’s career had been filled with such extreme highs and lows. Today had been a roller-coaster ride of hope and despair. Sexton’s bafflement over how this enormous scam could possibly have been pulled off evaporated into irrelevance when he realized what the scam meant for him politically. When I go public with this information, the presidency is mine! In his upwelling of celebration, Senator Sedgewick Sexton had momentarily forgotten his daughter’s claim that she was in trouble. â€Å"Rachel is in danger,† Gabrielle said. â€Å"Her note says NASA and the White House are trying to-â€Å" Sexton’s fax machine suddenly began ringing again. Gabrielle wheeled and stared at the machine. Sexton found himself staring too. He could not imagine what else Rachel could be sending him. More proof? How much more could there be? This is plenty! When the fax machine answered the call, however, no pages came through. The machine, detecting no data signal, had switched to its answering machine feature. How to cite Deception Point Page 101, Essay examples

Coney Island and Victorian Culture free essay sample

Coney Island at the turn of the century was a bustling and growing place. People of all classes traveled from New York City as well as other parts of the world to take part in the famous amusements that helped to loosen the tight corsets of Victorian gentility. Inspired by the Columbian Exposition in 1893 George Tilyou began to build a park on Coney Island beginning with the Ferris Wheel similar to that featured at the exposition which was designed by the Pennsylvania Steel Company. By 1895 Tilyou opened Steeplechase Park and began to fill it with acts and side shows thus inspired by his travels a few years prior. While concentrating on the appeal to all walks of life Tilyou acquired A Ride to The Moon from Fredric Thompson and Elmer Dundy who built the ride specifically for the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. A short season later in 1902 Thompson and Dundy left Steeplechase to create Luna Park taking the amusement with them. Playing off the most popular sport on Coney Island, Tilyou obtained a mechanical horse race that took riders on a thirty second ride around a track complete with hills and sharp turns. Other attractions added to the park included the Human Roulette Wheel which threw riders in all directions and Earthquake Stairs which jostled climbers and challenged them to descend a shaking stair case. These attractions as well as the wild side shows caused people to throw off all conventionality and made them rub elbows with other classes while having unrestricted fun. While Steeplechase drew visitors to the peninsula it also increased in the popularity of swimming or bathing as it was referred to in Victorian speak. People on a hot New York day adventured to Steeple Chase and the beach by various means of transportation. Donning the latest in bathing fashions people enjoyed more unrestricted fun regardless of any class system in the water. Although Victorians looked down their noses at the amusements and public bathing, people still flocked to the beaches and splashed in the chilly waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Ruckus rides and the ability to socialize appealed to the younger generations looking to toss off the oppressive garbs of Victorian gentility and just have plain unrestrictive fun. In 1907 tragedy struck Steeplechase as fire ravaged the park leaving a smoking ruin. In the efforts to still turn a dollar Tilyou charged admission to the ruins of the once great park. During the rebuilding, Luna Park benefited from the loss and treated guests to a modern park with rides to thrill everyone. The â€Å"old-fashionedness† of Steeplechase was challenged as Luna Park, the most modern of it’s time dazzled park goers with electric lights and tall white towers bathed in bright bulbs. This enabled the park to operate at night. But still people remained loyal to the original amusement park they knew so well even though built anew from smoldering ruins. George Tilyou sadly passed away in 1914 after seeing his park through another fire in 1911 which claimed Dreamland. Luckily enough the winds shifted and spared his park from a second disaster. By 1914 the amusement park began to fall out of favor. The once well loved and most visited park suffered a loss in the visitors during the hot New York summers. Steeplechase continued to operate and help people socialize and essentially come out of the tight bonds of gentility by offering a carefree time with out restrictions. Then on New Year’s Eve 1964 the last light was turned off for the final time at the ill fated old fashioned park. Luna Park on the other hand was not as popular as the original park but provided new wonders for those curious and daring enough to seek it out. Created after the Beaux-Arts movement of the time Thompson an erratic architect began to design the park as a world where someone could be lost in fantasy. By opening day on May 16th 1903 Luna Park opened its doors to the wonderment of many people seeking out entertainment and new amusements to help them shed the conventionality of the structured Victorian world. Here we can clearly see where still Steeplechase was cherished like a child hugs a ragged teddy bear but the new adventure which was named Luna was embraced for its latest technologies that Steeplechase clearly was lacking. With over 1 million lights, long distance telephone service, telegraph and radio services Luna Park became a city with in a city. With Thompson and Dundy’s success in creating illusion rides for the park guests they still relied on others as well. When they left the employment of Tilyou after the 1902 season they brought their famed â€Å"Ride to the Moon† amusement with them. Counting on its fame from Steeplechase park and the illustrious past of being featured at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 the creators hoped it would bring the crowds in. With more and more people seeking a day at the park and on the beach both parks helped make Coney Island known world wide and soon became a top tourist destination. At a time when high society still held restrictions of how men and women should act in public in high regards, more and more people used these parks as a way to shed the restrictions of society and seek titillating amusements and fill curiosities each other had that Victorian culture had suppressed over the years with rules and barriers against those who dared to go against the prim and proper societies. Technology in these times were changing and what better place to display these but at amusement parks and expositions. Younger Victorians embraced these changes and viewed them as a move toward the future. We can clearly see where walls were broken down between classes while all walks of life frolicked on the beaches of Coney Island, screamed on the same rides, and traveled faster than they ever had in their lives. Luna Park and Steeplechase side by side were wonderful examples of old an new. While people still embraced the old curious onlookers sought out attractions that displayed futuristic gadgets. By the creation of the final park Dreamland in 1904 tourism and the shedding of Victorian genteel ways were in full swing. Dreamland brought more pleasure seekers to the peninsula and more bathers to the sea shore. The park was built by William Reynolds who is best known for his crooked dealings with Tammany Hall. Dreamland became the park to rival the other 2 on the peninsula. It is said that the park would be anything unlike the modern world has seen. The main tower of Dreamland had a beacon that shined out to sea and confused many ships coming into port. The amusement park sparkled as guests promenaded through the many attractions and thrill rides. With Dreamland promising amusement in a more dignified way the creators tried to offer Culture to those who visited the park. Providing a grand ballroom and upscale restaurants from around the world Dreamland attempted to cater to the upper class leaving lower classes to attend the older less dignified parks. The developers still provided rides and attractions that rivaled the other parks and even stole ideas from them as well. Americans were fascinated by disasters. Fighting the Flames was a good example of this as New Yorkers were most familiar with tenements catching fire and many people dying. People could identify with this ride. As tenement style buildings covered in asbestos were set ablaze, firefighters came to the rescue of the tenants who jumped to their safety in huge nets below. With rides like Shoot the Chutes guests at Dreamland were still treated to rides that caused them to throw off all conventionalities. Dreamland with its intentions to preserve all that is roper and dignified still provided outrageous outlets that caused people to smile and scream like they never had before. Sideshows still prevailed like Bostock’s Circus and Captain Bonavita’s Lion Show. They treated guests to clowns, wild animals, and daring stunts which caused people to gasp and look on in awe. Dreamland gave people a look at the world in their own backyard. Rides like Touring the Alps which provided ride rs with a simulated ride through the Alps complete with blasts of cold air to the Japanese Tea Room which gave people a look at cultures foreign to their own. The achievements of creating an atmosphere of wonderment and awe like that of the previous expositions held in Chicago and Buffalo, Reynolds achieved ultimate success in helping people question their hum drum ways and rules that bound them tightly. On May 27 1911 the wonderment that was known as Dreamland came to an end when it burned to the ground. Complaints by the fire departments that fought the flames were low water pressure. It was said that Reynolds built the park so fast that he built over fire hydrants. The mistakes and rush to greed cost him his park only seven short years later. The fire although sparing because of the winds did not leave Thompson’s railway alone. Sadly but fortunately that was one of a few external victims of the fire caused by greed. Fred Thompson found General Manager Samuel Gumpertz staring blankly at the ruins. Reynolds decided not to rebuild the park and Gumpertz opened a freak show in a large tent. This was the beginning of the end of Coney Island, the most famous playground of the early 20th century. Luna Park and Steeplechase continued to operate through many changes of attractions. The 1920’s ushered in rides like The Wonder Wheel and The Cyclone. It is joked immigrants who came to this country saw The Wonder Wheel first before seeing the Statue of Liberty. Still The Wonder Wheel is a wonderful example of freedom through good times and laughter and the shedding of old ways to a new life. By the close of the season of 1946 Luna Park could no longer afford to keep its gates open to the dwindling visitors. That which was new and exciting became old and worn out. Steeplechase continued to operate and pride itself of being risen from the ashes still provided visitors with aging and familiar rides. By the opening of Astro Park in 1962 this began to spell the end of the turn of the century amusements. At the stroke of midnight New Years Eve 1964 the last light was turned out on the oldest amusement park of the time leaving behind a legacy of fun and a little known waltz written for the opening of Dreamland entitled â€Å"Meet Me Tonight in Dreamland†. By looking at the amusement parks of the early 20th century we can clearly see where proper Victorians were given the opportunity to shed the constrictions of a culture that forced them into a protected part of society. Here creators of parks provided a person all types of amusements and bathing which for proper Victorians swimming with people of the opposite sex was just scandalous. Many of the older generations still held fast to their convictions of manners and proper ways. In many ways Coney Island was a petrie dish for societies and cultures. Could they truly leave behind the tight corsets and stiff collars to have fun with all folks of all classes with out concern for class stratification due to wealth, power or even dress? The writer of this believes yes. This was a place where society began to leave behind their constrictions and just have plain fun. Therefore unmaking Victorian culture as it was known.

Ecosystem Report (Geelong Botanic Garden)

Introduction Ecosystem comprises of biotic and biotic factors that are present in a given environment. The biotic factors are the living organism such as microbes, plants, and animals, while the abiotic factors are nonliving components like water, air, rocks, soil, sunlight, and topography. The interaction of biotic and abiotic factors in a certain environment occurs in a form of a system due to the flow of nutrient and energy.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ecosystem Report (Geelong Botanic Garden) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, ecosystem examines how biotic and abiotic factors interact as a self-sustaining system (Chapin, Matson, Vitousek 2011). The nutrient and energy cycles depict how the biotic and abiotic factors interact in a sustainable manner over a long period leading to the development of communities in various environments. Ecology provides a view of understanding the processes that o ccur in ecosystems. Chapin, Matson, and Vitousek (2011) assert that the flow of energy and chemicals through the physical and biological pathways depicts the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem. In this view, the flow of energy and chemicals is central in the study of ecosystem. Therefore, this report examines ecosystem of the botanic garden of Geelong, which is in Vitoria, Australia. Method In examining the ecosystem of Geelong botanic garden, the study used observation as a method of collecting vital information necessary for the understanding of the ecosystem. Observation is a scientific method that utilizes the five senses, namely, sight, smell, sound, touch, smell, and taste, in collecting different forms of data from an ecological area of study (Chapin, Matson, Vitousek 2011). The observation method is important in ecological studies because it deals with physical and biological aspects of the environment, which require the use of the five common senses in collection of information. By using the observation method, the study identified biotic and abiotic components with a view of elucidating their interaction mechanism at the Geelong botanic garden. In examining biotic components, the ecological study utilized a quadrat when determining the diversity of plants. A quadrat enables researchers to select an area for study, and thus enhances accuracy of data collected. The study used quadrats that measure 1Ãâ€"1, 2Ãâ€"1, 2Ãâ€"2, 2Ãâ€"4, 4Ãâ€"4, and 4Ãâ€"8 meters square. The use of many quadrats enhances accuracy of data, and thus offers a comprehensive study of the ecosystem of the Geelong botanic garden. The increasing sizes of quadrats are essential in determining species richness and diversity in the Geelong botanic garden.Advertising Looking for report on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study categorized plants as trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses. In the study, the researchers identified plants, categorized them, and provided their numbers in different quadrats. The study then tabulated the findings obtained from different quadrats for further analysis. Regarding animals, the observational study identified animals present at the Geelong botanic garden. The common animals present are birds, reptiles, and insects. Given that animals belong to the advanced trophic levels of primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers, they are significant in the study because they depict how energy and chemicals flow in the ecosystem. According to Chapin, Matson, and Vitousek (2011), the first trophic level determines the amount of energy in an ecosystem because organisms that are present in this energy level are producers. Hence, the existence of animals in the Geelong botanical garden is dependent on the existence of producers, which are the primary source of energy, and other animals in different trophic levels. Moreover, the study elucidates ho w biotic and abiotic animals interact and provides the mechanism of interaction. The study used food chain in illustrating how different organisms interact and transfer energy from one trophic level to another. Examination of the food chain in the Geelong botanic garden illustrates the flow of energy through various forms of organisms. Hence, the observational study is keen on establishing the interaction of organisms and the flow of energy from the lowest trophic level to the highest trophic level, which exist in the Geelong botanic garden. Results and Discussion Distributions of Plants Table 1 Recording Observations Area 1 Quadrat sizes (m) Area 2 Quadrat sizes (m) Species 1Ãâ€"1 2Ãâ€"1 2Ãâ€"2 2Ãâ€"4 4Ãâ€"4 4Ãâ€"8 Species 1Ãâ€"1 2Ãâ€"1 2Ãâ€"2 2Ãâ€"4 4Ãâ€"4 4Ãâ€"8 Tree 1 0 0 1 1 3 5 Tree 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 Tree 2 0 0 1 2 2 3 Tree 2 0 0 1 1 1 2 Tree 3 0 0 1 2 2 3 Tall shrub 1 1 1 1 3 4 6 Tall shrub 1 0 0 3 3 4 6 Tall shrub 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 Tall shrub 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 Small shrub 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 Small shrub1 1 1 2 2 3 3 Small shrub 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 Small shrub 2 0 0 0 1 2 2 Small shrub 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 2Herb 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 Small shrub 4 1 1 1 2 3 4 Herb 2 0 0 0 2 2 3 Herb 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 Herb 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 Herb 2 1 2 3 3 3 6 Grass 1 14 21 25 36 48 61 Herb 3 20 23 31 38 51 74 Grass 2 7 11 17 23 29 33 Grass 1 12 18 25 27 35 46 Grass 3 9 12 15 19 22 27 Grass 2 13 19 22 25 28 43 Dandelion 3 4 7 8 11 15 Grass 3 12 13 15 19 22 23 Creepers 3 5 6 8 9 12 Grass 4 14 18 26 37 48 63 Tussock grass 4 9 11 13 17 21 Creepers 4 5 6 9 9 12 Cumulative number of species 43 66 93 127 161 208 Cumulative number of species 83 107 149 179 225 304 The above table shows the distribution of species across all quadrats ranging from the smallest to the biggest. The study selected two areas of study, area 1 and area 2, and assesses the species richness and diversity. From the table, it is evident that the cumulative number of species increases as the area of the quadrat increases.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ecosystem Report (Geelong Botanic Garden) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The important information that one can derive from the table is the species richness and diversity of Geelong botanic gardens. Scheiner, Cox, Willig, Mittelbach, Osenberg, and Kaspari (2000) argue that species richness is an important ecological variable that provides a view of an ecosystem in terms of diversity of organisms in a given area. Thus, the table provides a face value of the species richness and diversity of plants present in the Geelong botanic garden. Chart 1: Species-Area Curve The above chart shows the species-area curve of two areas of study, area 1 and area 2. Evidently, the species curve shows that the species of plants in the Geelong botanic garden increases with the increase in the area of the quadrat. The relationship between spe cies and area has significant importance in ecology because it provides a view that enables ecologists to predict the diversity of species in various ecosystems or habitats. Communities that have dense populations tend to be more diverse than communities that have scattered populations. Hence, the species-area curve of the Geelong botanic gardens shows that it has a dense population of plants, which is very diverse. Given that is impossible to estimate the diversity of organisms in a given area with reasonable accuracy, the species-area curve enables accurate estimation of species using quadrats.Advertising Looking for report on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Scheiner, Cox, Willig, Mittelbach, Osenberg, and Kaspari (2000), the species-area curve is an ecological tool that enables ecologists to standardize ways of estimating species richness in various ecosystems. From the above chart, species richness increases from about 50 species per one meter square to approximately 300 species per 32 meters square. The species-area curve also provides a mathematical way of understanding diversity and species richness. The equation for the species-area curve is S = cAz. Where S is the number species, c and z are constant, while A is the area of the habitat. This equation shows that the species richness has a nonlinear relationship that is dependent on two constants, c and z. The chart shows that the species richness of plants in the Geelong botanic garden has a non-linear relationship within the area under which they grow. To enhance clarity of the equation, its conversion into a linear equation is imperative. Therefore, the linear equat ion of the specie-area curve is logS = zlogA + logc. This is a linear equation, which shows z as the slope of the equation and logc as the y-intercept. Area 1 Area 1 1Ãâ€"1 2Ãâ€"1 2Ãâ€"2 2Ãâ€"4 4Ãâ€"4 4Ãâ€"8 1Ãâ€"1 2Ãâ€"1 2Ãâ€"2 2Ãâ€"4 4Ãâ€"4 4Ãâ€"8 Cumulative number of species 43 66 93 127 161 208 Cumulative number of species 83 107 149 179 225 304 LogS 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.9 2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Chart 2: Log-log scale The log-log scale indicates that the species number and the area of the habitat have linear relationships in the Geelong botanic garden. In the area 1 of the habitat, c (y-intercept) is 1.6 and z (slope) is 0.497, while in the area 2, c (y-intercept) is 1.9 and z (slope) is 0.418. Hence, ecologists can utilize these constants when interpreting the species richness and diversity of the Geelong botanic garden. The log-log scale expounds the species-area curve because it provides constants that mediate the relationship between s pecies number and the area of habitat (Scheiner, Cox, Willig, Mittelbach, Osenberg, Kaspari 2000). The application of the mathematical equation in the analysis of species diversity and richness is critical because it provides a scientific way of analyzing and predicting process that occurs in the ecosystem. In this case, the ecosystem of the Geelong botanic garden shows that its species richness and diversity increase as the area of habitat increases. From the species-area curve, the trends of the curve give important information about the area that gives the maximum number of species. Apparently, the species richness of area 1 increases from about 40 species per meter square to approximately 220 species per 28 meters square at the plateau point. Moreover, the species richness of area 2 increase from about 50 species per meter to approximately 300 species per 30 meters square at the plateau point. This means that in the average area of 25 to 30 meters square, Geelong botanic garden gives maximum species richness. Plateau point is an important point in study because it shows the maximum number of species and minimum area necessary to attain. Thus, the plateau point indicates that the area of the habitat sampled by the quadrat is enough to represent all species in the habitat (Scheiner, Cox, Willig, Mittelbach, Osenberg, Kaspari 2000). Therefore, species curve is important in determining sample size. The number of species and environmental heterogeneity are two factors that determine the relationship between area and species. In a homogeneous environment, the number of species increases with increase in the area of habitat. However, the number of species in a given ecosystem does not increase indefinitely due to the existence of diversity among the population of plants (Scheiner, Cox, Willig, Mittelbach, Osenberg, Kaspari 2000). This explains why the species number reaches a plateau point as habitat size increases. Additionally, heterogeneity of the environme nt is a factor that determines the shape of the species-area curve. The homogenous environment allows plants to grow uniformly over a wide area due to the evenness of the factors that support their growth. In contrast, the heterogeneous environment allows staggered growth of plants, which violates the normal relationship species richness and the size of habitat. In this view, the Geelong botanic garden has a homogenous environment because the species-area curve of area 1 and area 2 do not have significant differences in species richness and diversity. Distribution of Animals The distribution of animals at the Geelong botanic garden is not evident because few animals are visible within the vicinity of the study. The huge animals present in the Geelong botanic garden are birds and rodents. The birds were flying in the air while others were singing in different trees that were within the vicinity of the study site. Occasionally, different forms of rodents ran from one bush to another a s they mate and search for food in small bushes in the Geelong botanic garden. Other animals present in the Geelong botanic garden are insects. The insects are the dominant population of animals because they occupy small spaces in the garden and feed on numerous foodstuffs. In essence, the resources the insects require to survive are unlimited, unlike huge animals in which the availability of food determines their growth and reproduction in a given ecosystem. Interaction of Biotic and Abiotic Factors In the ecosystem, plants, animals, and abiotic factors interact physically and chemically. The physical interaction between animals and plant is apparent because birds live on trees, perch on trees, and obtain protection. Moreover, rodents hide in the bushes and rocks that are in the garden. Plants also anchor on rocks and soil while they are growing. Regarding chemical interaction, animals, plants, and abiotic factors interact due to the flow of chemicals and energy from one trophic le vel to another. Chapin, Matson, and Vitousek (2011) argue that trophic interactions are an important form of interaction in the ecosystem because it determines energy flow and consequently the population of organisms in a given ecosystem. The Geelong botanic garden is a very robust ecosystem because it sustains a great number of organisms as reflected by the diversity and species richness. Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling The flow of energy and chemicals in an ecosystem is dependent on the trophic levels of organisms. Miller and Spoolman (2010) argue that food chains and food webs in ecosystems are pathways through which energy flow from one trophic level to another. In the Geelong botanic garden, green plants are the primary producers. Plants are the primary producers in the ecosystem because they generate energy from the process of photosynthesis. Plants take in nutrients from the environment and metabolize them into complex molecules, which provide energy to the ecosystem. Essent ially, the process of photosynthesis allows plants to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen with the help of sunlight and chloroplasts to form carbohydrates and other complex molecules (Miller Spoolman 2010). In this view, plants are the primary source of energy in the Geelong botanic garden. Animals that feed on primary producers are primary consumers. The primary consumers present in the Geelong botanic garden are grasshoppers, butterflies, caterpillars, and rodents. Grasshoppers and caterpillars feed on grasses and leaves of plants. While butterflies feed on nectar in flowers, rodents consume seeds of the plants. Miller and Spoolman (2010) describe primary consumers as herbivores that transition the flow of energy from plants to animals. As the energy flow from one trophic level to another, it decreases due loss of energy in the process of cell respiration, waste material, and heat. Secondary consumers such as birds are also present in the Geelong botanic gardens. Birds feed on i nsects such as ants, grasshoppers, caterpillars, and butterflies. Given that they are the third trophic level, the level of energy in this trophic level is significantly lower than the energy in the first trophic level. Additionally, tertiary consumers present in the garden are birds of prey such as hawks. The hawks feed on rodents and birds, which are secondary consumers. In this view, hawks feed on the trophic level that has the least amount of energy in the ecosystem of the Geelong botanic garden. This means that hawks fall in the highest trophic level in the Geelong botanic garden. Since hawks fall in the highest trophic level, they only release their energy into the environment when they die. Detrivores and decomposes act on dead organic material and release nutrients into the ecosystem. Thus, the food chain and chemical cycling can effectively demonstrate the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Food Chain The following food chain illustrates the flow of energy in the Geelong botan ic garden. Chemical Cycling The following is a chemical cycling that best describe the flow of chemicals in the Geelong botanic garden. Conclusion The ecosystem is an ecological system that sustains itself. It comprises of biotic and abiotic factors that interact effectively to support the existence of living organisms. Examination of Geelong botanic garden illustrates that it comprises of plants and animals that interact effectively with their physical environment. Species area-curve of plants indicates that species richness and diversity increases with an increase in the area of habitat. This implies that the Geelong botanic garden has a homogenous environment that has even distribution of nutrients. Diverse plants are the primary producers because they provide energy and chemicals to the ecosystem. The animals belong to the trophic levels of primary, secondary and tertiary consumers. The food chain shows that hawks belong to the highest trophic level. Comparatively, chemical cy cling indicates that detrivores and decomposers play a central role in recycling of nutrients trapped in plants and animals. References Chapin, S, Matson, P, Vitousek, P 2011, Principles of terrestrial ecology, Springer, New York. Miller, G, Spoolman, S 2010, Environmental Science, Cengage Learning, New York. Scheiner, S, Cox, S, Willig, M, Mittelbach, G, Osenberg, C, Kaspari, M 2000, ‘Species richness, species-area curves and Simpson’s paradox’, Evolutionary Ecology Research, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 791-802. This report on Ecosystem Report (Geelong Botanic Garden) was written and submitted by user Ishaan T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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PEST Analysis: Political: The Company has to go with rules and regulations formulated by the government such as CO2 Tailpipe Regulation. Companies get respect from government for powered IWO wheelers. Ford has to go through the European Union vehicle approval. Economic: Depression hits the Automobile industry. Ford, GM and Chrysler face problem in this situation. Factors such as Central London congestion charge, call to become all gas guzzlers , European union reduced pollution certificate and London low emission zone affect the manufacturing of the Ford cars. Social: There has been growth in road traffic slowing. Society is concerned with more green cars to be sold. Road safety for everyone should be considered by Ford. Technology: New technologies like using bio-fuels and digital radio should be considered. Ford has invested in car safety. Similarly, Ford also invested in CO2 reducing technology. SWOT Analysis: The companys strong brand portfolio gives it a competitive advantage. Strengths: Ford has a strong brand portfolio and engineering capabilities. Ford has wide network of distributors and dealers and high employee productivity. Ford operates in an industry which has customer who highly value brands who believe strong portfolio of established brand gives competitive advantage which helps in brand equity. This helps in launching new product range and penetrating in new automobile markets. Weaknesses: Ford faces continued decline in market share in US from 20.5 % in 2003 to 15.6% in 2007 similarly in UK 19.5% (0.3% down from previous year in 2006). This was due to increased competition, industry moving away from traditionally stronger segment, reduced vehicle sales, daily rental companies, and discontinuation of companys vehicle lines. Likewise Ford got 3 complaints on leaking fuel or oil ignition. Several product recalls inadequate quality assurance and quality control system and declining operating efficiency and weak returns (datamonitor). 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Substitute: Used cars acts as substitutes. However, affordable power diminishes used cars. Awareness of environmental issues and climate change might lead people to walk, cycle and use public transport. The companies are making hybrid( petrol, electric) cars. Overall the threat is weak. Rivalry: Competition in this industry remains fierce, among the top 4 market players 38% of market value. Toyota, GM , Daimler and Ford. High fixed price exit barriers raw materials costs lead to unpredictable production costs and post pressure on market players. Most company produce diverse range of cars .The rivalry is very strong. Marketing strategy option for Ford Motors Social Responsibility and Ethical Marketing Communication: Ford emphasises on being a good corporate citizen, by focusing on the global community by understanding envirionmental issues and investing on people. Similarly, organise programmes to promote tolerance and equal opportunities and support social and environmental protection programmes. In 2006, Ford was the first automotive manufacturer to produce dedicated hydrogen fuel V-10 engines. (datamonitor). Ford introduces new vehicles which offer fuel economy and reduced environmental impact. In Britain, from April 2009, the government encourage the manufacturer to produce cleaner cars, and Ford should adopt the policy and motivate customers to opt for least polluting cats  [2]  . In short- run, they focus on clean diesel engines, hybrids, flexible fuel vehicle ethanol vehicles and turbo charged direct injection Eco Boast- Superior performance, which provide 20 % better fuel economy, 15% fewer CO2 emissions. In the long run Ford has invested in plug in hybrids, fuel cells, hydrogen internal combustion engines, advanced technology. Ford believes that these are right and responsible things which would give customers better goods. 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Ford cut their spending on Hispanic media more deeply in fourth quarter which feel 31.2% last year to $46 .7 million, but according to RNS it is still continuing a long tradition as the executive car sponsor for Univision blockbuster Sabado Ginate show. In April 4, in this show the Host Francisco drive the new 2010 ford Fusion to the studio and hosted Ford Fusion game to give away a new car to a winner in the studio audience  [7]  . In UK, Ford sponsors events like UEFA champions- football tournaments and charities. They sponsor various events and organisations from family fantasy, Disneyland Paris to 60 year old musical and military prowess, the Edinbrugh Tattoo. The sponsorship focus on all the target markets form children to elderly, which shows that company is building image in the community as a form of goodwill for the company itself. Recently Ford Company launched Ford Focus, the commercial is beautifully made. The Ford Focus Orchestra- in which musicians are shown playing the instrument made from the real car parts. The main aim of this advertisement is to show customers that all the car parts are important and has best quality. The journey made with this car would never make you feel long with the experience of comfort cabin with striking exterior and improved technology. Primary Survey Analysis: Customers: As research done on the customers of Ford Cars, most customers are influenced by friends and family. They are likely to buy cars which are recommended by peers. Thus company can focus on giving best service and product to all target customers and also positive word of mouth communication (message is transmitted from the sender to many receivers, Pickton and Broderik). Similarly, customers look after the style and comfort of the cars, like size- 4 wheelers, small for single individual. 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Push Promotional Strategy: Ford can adopt this strategy, a form of promotional effort by the manufacturer or suppliers to encourage trade channel members to promote and sell their products (Pickton and Broderick). Sales forces, internal part of communication, can be targeted as the main form of push strategy. Pull Promotional Strategy: Ford can also adopt pull strategy, a form of promotional effort to end customers and consumers to demand more by adding benefits and other activities (Pickton and Broderick). Such as discount promotion- a process of discounting the price for the product so that customers are encouraged to buy however this involves financial aspects (Hans and Duncan) . Similarly, they can improve on their weaknesses to minimize product recall and improve product efficiency which adds benefits. Relationship Marketing: Ford can put its emphasis on relationship marketing, between various stakeholders. They can focus on delivering more to the target customers by being more specific. As researched on the consumers, they are affected by the positive word of mouth marketing. Ford should focus on customer relationship management (positive communication and long term customer relationship management, Hans and Duncan). Even though they give services like financing, service and maintenance, they can add more features like style and safety. Brand Strategy: Most customers considers brand before making purchase decision. What Ford can invest in establish long term brand image by using more of communications mix which are explained further. This will help as a source of competitive advantage and create entry barrier. Brand strategy helps in improving the product by introducing innovative technology (Semenik). Similarly, Ford can also look for brand future, by adjusting in future changes in legislation, technology consumer patterns (Pickton and Broderick). Business 2 Business Marketing: This form of marketing acts as a lead generator, brand awareness and relationship development. If Ford fails to recognize the trade customers, they looses the first line customers. The agencies should change their cultures break down barriers and generate new marketing initiatives and creative ad content. Promotional Mix/ Intergrating Marketing Communication Mix: Analysing Ford Company, we can see that they have adopted various forms of promotional mix such as advertising, sponsorship. However, they can invest more on these factors and decide on what to adopt ( Kotler and Keller). Advertising Expenditure: Ford can also expend on intermedia (options for deciding media such as cinema, TV, press posters, magazines etc). Ford can target TV commercials (Ford Orchestra) as lots of people see TV everyday during free period. Buying a car is high involvement product where more risk is involved in buying decision (Hierarchy of Effects Model). People look for the best advertisement and are influenced by the positive aspects of commercials. Thus Ford could be more focused on creative advertising procedures. Public Relations: Ford can make an effort in this field by having sound relations with employees during the time of redundancy and closure, which is happening at the current economic downturn. Similarly, Ford can invest in ethical marketing, doing best for the public, like donations, conserving environment. All these helps in dealing with the negative publicity and crisis management and develop to make the corporate image (Pickton and Broderick) and helps brand signatures( Kotler and Keller). Internet Advertising: In Sept. 2008, Google was criticised for charging companies like Ford, for their share of profit in return of internet advertising  [10]  . There are various negative consequences that are faced by company in internet advertising such as fraud and scam. However, Ford can invest in internet advertising through websites which acts as an agent for the car companies. Personal Selling and Sales Management: As a research done on the customers, they are influenced by the presentation of customer service advisors. Similarly, the role of distributor is very important as they act as the main source to deal with the sales and marketing effort (Pickton and Broderick). Future Marketing communications: The form of media is always changing. The generation of use of media depends on the innovation and technology ( Broderick and Pickton). Firstly, there was a use of newspapers, then radio, television and internet. Future is based on the electronic marketing, known as ecommerce. Ford needs to go along with the change in media adaptation by the consumer and thus invest in communication via such medium.

Black Rain Essay -- Japan WWI Hiroshima Bombing Atomic Essays

Black Rain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel, Black Rain, is a first hand recall of the events of a man’s life during the bombing of Hiroshima. The main character, Shigematsu Shizuma, is concerned that his niece, Yasuko, will be unable to marry because prospective husbands are scared off due to the fact that she was near the bombing and that her or her children will suffer the effects of this radiation sickness that had already affected so many. In his quest to find a husband for his niece he decides to rewrite his journal of the bombing of Hiroshima. It is his copying of this journal that takes the reader though the treacherous events of the bombing and the effects on his and others’ lives. Mr. Shizuma writes of every detail of the bombing. He describes the bombs blinding white light and the mushroom cloud that followed and he also describes the people. He tells of the strange burns on people’s bodies. He tells of family’s journey back into the city of Hiroshima to try to find lost loved ones. And he tells of the survivors’ struggles as well, from the radiation sickness to the small rations of rice and beans distributed to the people. He also seems very inquisitive about what kind of bomb fell on the city. The journal ends with the surrender of Japan and the book ends with his niece becoming very ill with the radiation sickness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This novel is like many other Japanese stories in that it is not a very happy book. There is no happy ending and the novel is filled with many gruesome de...

Development Study

Development study is a branch in social sciences that explores issues relating developing countries. Historically it has focused on social and economic development therefore may extend its significance to other regions and communities apart from concentration on the developing world. There are various approaches that conceptualize development studies. Among them are the modernization and dependency theories. This paper focuses to explore their similarities and difference in their significance to development studies.Dependency theory is a social science approach that argues that the developed nation draws resources from underdeveloped nations making them richer at the expense of their counterparts. The proponent of this theory is Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Milvin Defleur (1976). Dependency theory initially was in the communication discipline but merged out integrating several prospects. It merges prospects from psychology from social category theory, from causal approaches, media effects and traditions as well as contextual philosophy.â€Å"in its urge to appropriate productive forces for the purpose of exploitation, capital ransacks the entire world, provides itself with the means of production from all corners of the earth, obtaining these from all levels of civilization and from all forms of society† (Perry 1996. p. 35) It sometimes referred to as underdevelopment theory based upon Marxist theory in other words, it assumes that wealth western nation uses their superior status to exploit peripheral weaker nations reflecting earlier colonial bonds. These under developed nations expose their economical and political structure maintaining their reliance on developed nations.They become developmentally enslaved mastered by the west. Some argument exist that tourism has evolved somehow reflecting economic dependency and colonialism. However, potential underdevelopment resulting from dependency is the main focus. (Bramswell 2004. p. 323) Modernization on the oth er hand argues that low economically empowered societies can develop if only they seize from their traditional methods and adapt to modern technologies, cultural values and economic institutions that puts an emphasis on productive investment and savings.The social institutions and traditional values of low income nations hinder their effectiveness in economy. Most of people in undeveloped society have low work ethics, they usually consume without thinking of investing in the future. Most of these societies have large families therefore saving money for investing is almost impossible. They therefore rag behind in their economic ability (Griffiths & Giddens 2006 p . 405) Modernization tends to criticize Marxist theory. It emphasizes the process of change and the reason to that change.Marquis de Condorcet is among the proponents of this theory. His argument was that, people's cultural values and morals in the society can be changed by economical and technological advancement. He encour aged technological advancement arguing that it helps society have control to the environment and adapt to it. He argued that technological advancement encourage social progress. (Soylent communications 2008) Modernization theory contrasts the dependency theory in a number of ways.In many parts of the world where it have ever been applied, it has failed to take into account historical and social factors influencing development. Such factors are like the traditional social structures, colonialism, and religious factors. Natural past outcomes have also not put into account and which may have affected a society; famine, floods, volcanic activities and other natural environmental conflicts. Many nations like the Middle East historical process influenced its development.It emphasis on modern values in development cannot be fully relied as the back born to development. The historical processes in politics, economic, cultural, educational of a society influence its development. Development theory argument that richer nations exploits less developed nations natural resources contrast the free market that advances poor states to full economic growth. The international market gives every nation an opportunity to realize it full economic growth.It is through this freedom that a society can take advantage to purchase modern values that can help it develop. A poorer state can purchase new technological advancement improving production in its industries which in return will improve it economy. However, dependency theory contrasts this situation arguing that it is exploitation. Dependency theory argument that colonialism of undeveloped nations still exist is a contrast to modernization. In the previous century, many undeveloped countries evoked from colonialism after realizing their independence.This independence was not granted to just political matters but also to the economy and social structures. Most of these nations have their natural resources still fully unexploited. Not because their former colonial master have not exploited these but because they lack modern facilities which would help them. This therefore is a contrast to modernization. The continued reliance on colonial masters should not be argued as a modern colonialism. It is evident that the colonialist had an influence politically, economically and socially to their colonies.Therefore, these nations will tend to consult their colonial masters as well as trade with them even in the modern world. Contrast between dependency theory and modernization exist in their views on international dimensions that influence economic development of a nation. These dimensions include tourism, trade, global investment and many others. Dependency argues that tourism, free trade and global investment are a reflection of the dependency that exists between the developed and undeveloped world. Most of the global investors are from the developed world.This is also in tourism. Dependency theory proponents argue s that this is a clean indication of how developed nations exploits the less developed for their growth. Modernization on the other hand views this kind of relation to enhance purchase and adoption of modern technologies. Trade exposes undeveloped countries acquire modern technology. In enhancing tourism, the undeveloped countries adopt new technology to maximize turn outs. Though global investors’ targets at making profits, they as well enhance modernity in less developed nations.Dependency theory puts into accounts exogenous and indigenous political processes which have a role in national continuity and formation. It puts into account changing circumstances like religious background of nation. However, modernization contrasts this as its main emphasis is on new technology influence on development. Its notion of class difference which challenges it universality contrast dependency theory. In addition, modernization ignores rural poverty, unemployment, inflation, economic and political dependency and the growing gap between the poor and the rich.This contrasts dependency theory. (Paidar 2005) Though these two theories contrast, their arguments are both very effective in development studies. Development in a society is a complex issue which primarily may depend on modernization and dependency theory as well as other concepts in the society. Whichever perspective one would take, development is about the nature of a society economic, political and social ability. However if modernization and dependency theories are merged, they would have a more efficient development studies description on a particular society.

Joshua L. Chamberlain and the battle of Gettysburg essays

Joshua L. Chamberlain and the battle of Gettysburg essays Joshua L. Chamberlain and the Battle of Gettysburg What comes to your mind when you think of the Battle of Gettysburg? Maybe you think of Abraham Lincolns famous Gettysburg Address, Pickets Charge, or all of the casualties from the three days of fighting. Many times we dont think about all the people who risked their lives to protect our land, because we concentrate on the things that are familiar to us. For instance, how many people really know what role Joshua L. Chamberlain played in the Battle of Gettysburg? Chamberlain had a very important part in the second day of battle, and he definitely shouldnt be overlooked. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain was born on September 8, 1828 in Brewer, Maine. Brewer was a small community which was known for farming and ship building. During Chamberlains youth, he spent a lot of his time working on his fathers one hundred acre farm and teaching school. He didnt have much education before he entered college, except for a short time at Whitings Military and Classical Academy in Ellsworth, ME. He entered Bowdoin College in 1848 and took a special interest in language. He taught himself Greek in order to be accepted there, and he later became fluent in seven different languages. He graduated from Bowdoin in 1852 and then attended Bongor Theological Seminary until 1855. He was offered a job as a minister, but he turned it down and accepted a rhetoric teaching position at Bowdoin. Chamberlain was a thin, muscular gentleman who was just shy of six feet tall. His narrow face and high cheekbones were hidden by a full mustache that extended to his jaw line. In the words of one private he was, a brave, brilliant, dashing officer...who, when once seen was always remembered.(Trulock, 5) Im sure Frances Caroline Adams (Fanney) agreed with this soldier because on December 7, 1855, Joshua Chamberlain and she were married in Brunswic...

The Lagoon Essays

The Lagoon Essays The Lagoon Paper The Lagoon Paper Introduction to the Study of English Literature Acharn Rongrat Dusdeesurapot September 18, 2010 Final Paper Arsat : Life that hanging on the moral, traditional values and blind love Joseph Conrad’s â€Å"The lagoon† portrays the life of a Malaysian man â€Å"Arsat† who afraid to live forward, just waiting for the bright future which is not likely to come, even at the dawn of the new day after the death of his wife. In this short story of Conrad, intensely describes the dramatic feeling of Arsat , suffered by his own decision which result in the sad ending of his brother and wife. As the story proceeds, it gradually revealing many point of view which have powerful effect on Arsat’s life. Arsat, as an ordinary man, has affection toward Diamelen (his lover, who was previously a servant of the Rajahs wife). But his desire some how not easily to be completed. As one’s life is not only depend on itself, it has to adjust itself with others life in the world, containing variation of livings. Social is one of the powerful factor that effecting Arsat’s life, if there is no social there might not have the elopement. Social always has its own way of administration such as social judgement and traditional values which were used as an organization of the society. Arsat, too, is one of the victim of the society because of its self-organization, being a victim in traditional valuation bringing the great mistake to his decision. In Conrad’s works, he always contrasts Eastern and Western attitude, describing Western as an area of modern civilization and Eastern as an ancient civilization. Therefore, Eastern countries are full of out-of-date, undeveloped and impractical tradition. The duty of Arsat as the sword-bearers f the Ruler has been entailing from time to time and make it way to him, liking a slave status. So, for him and his family, this duty can’t be denied, these can be assumed that nowadays Eastern still has the unreasonable rule that opposing people from their individual right. This make Arsat has no choice but conform to this Ruler’s principle. Because every country , in old days , the servant have to serve the royalty with there life forever, although at the present this tradition is likely to be discarded for a long time. The bad thing is when Arsat can’t accept this tradition anymore, the people or the royalty have to hunt him down before other will follow his path. The elopement of Arsat and Diamelen breaks the rule of Rajah the word rajah means king, the leaders of local tribes and old kingdoms had that title before Indonesia became an independent nationbeing disloyal and these was the grand turning point of his life. The story takes place in Malaysia which has â€Å"Islam† as the national religion, even though it doesn’t has any precise taboo in Islam’s rule, still the elopement is shouldn’t be done in any religion. It causes bother for everyone who evolved and it never Tongyoo 2 lasts so long, because the lover have no marital rights and no family support. The basic unit of Islamic society is the family, and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members in marriage. Marriage in Islam is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. In Arsat’s case, both of their family can be presented as the royalty- both King and Queen- for Diamelen, as a servant of the queen, she can’t get married until the Queen give her a permission, so the elopement of the lover is unacceptable. The lover who are not conform the contract will be expelled from the society. Arsat’s former society can’t accept his action, even his new society at the lagoon too, is not accept him because of his weird attitude toward this area which has ghostly reputation and frighten aspect and this is the impact of tradition values too. The polers deny him because he is a strangers, more important because he has not fear in ghost â€Å". . . hey disliked Arsat, first as a stranger, and also because he who repairs a ruined house, and dwells in it, proclaims that he is not afraid to live amongst the spirits that haunt the places abandoned by mankind. Such a man can disturb the course of fate by glances or words. † We are led to think that Arsat has something mysterious by the description of his isolation that no man would live in such a place without having a reason of his action. Although Arsat is not afraid of ghost he is haunted by the bittersweet past that he has kept his desire, trusting himself into the betrayal toward his brother and disloyalty to his ruler. The old superstitious of ghost and evil still exist in the east, dividing folk into 2 sides, the believe one and the disbelieve one. These lead to the opposite feeling toward each side, believing that whoever not agree to the priority, that one will be a stranger and excluding from the society. Arsat, too, is the stranger, so he live alone with his wife, no folk want to be near him. Maybe, his wife might not die if the polers accept in this difference, Diamelen might be cured or relieved by the poles’ help. Those that mentioned is only the external conflict of human, confronting with other people in society. The main principle that directly effects on people’s life too, is morality which rooting in human’s mind. Morality is a sense of behavior that differentiates intentions, decisions and actions between those that are right or wrong, bad or good, for Arsat this sense is hard to help him make a decision. Arsat, in the story, faces this internal conflict, the morality, 2 times, one occurs in his brother’s incidence and the second one occurs in his wife incidence. Looking back at the time Atsat run away with Diamelen and his brother, he himself, turn his back toward his brother, when he was captured, even though he hear his brother screaming out his name for three times, as Saint Peter has denied Jesus three times: a man who had been his brother, teaching him and giving friendship to Peter. he betrayed his brother for a women he loved and no looking back. In this case, no matter how hard he tries to do the right thing by helping his brother, but at the time, his selfishness overwhelming him, Tongyoo 3 making him blind and sees only himself’s happiness. Arsat, pressed by passion abandons his brother to the hands of the enemies and escapes with Diamelen, to live in the shadows of The Lagoon. He had made his choice â€Å" Then I looked at her , Tuan , I pushed the Canoe. He heard his brother call him twice and yet he wanted to live for his passion â€Å"Was she not there in that canoe ? And could I not with her find a country where death is forgotten where death is unknown† There is a question that we, readers, have to make a decision whether Arsat hates his brother or not. The paradox of Arsat’s statement is still vague â€Å"Theres no worse enemy and no better friend than a brother. . .   Ã¢â‚¬ . Did he envy in his brothers bravery ? This ambiguity is expressed when Arsat speaks out â€Å"What did I care who died ? I wanted peace in my own heart. † or may be they are just a brotherhood rival, still if Arsat truly hates his brother, his sudden action of discarding his brother might not have nothing to do with his morality. When Diamelen dies, Arsat looking back to himself with the mistake that he has done. He, for once, thinks with moral that if she had not followed him to this remote place, she would have been cared for and therefore would not have met the death. One of the reason that she died is because she brings herself against her people’s social traditions. At her death, Arsat feels empty and understands that everything had been an illusion and he had left his brother to die for nothing. In the end, as his conclusion, his own passion is the main cause of the death of both people he loves. Despite from the morality and tradition values, there is still a one main factor that has powerful effect on Arsat and that thing is love. For Arsat , his love toward his beloved wife, Diamelen is so powerful and pure that nothing can stop him from being with her, still he doesn’t notice that his pure love is nothing but an illusion. It makes a person blind and irresponsible to the family and society. His duty is to serve his King but he rejecting his duty and follow his heart, yet it is a good thing, but in other aspect this feeling of passion can bring disaster to his family, administration and even himself. Arsats love for Diamelen makes him blind and he truly becomes a half man without any sense of responsibility to family and his own country. Arsat confesses of how he took Diamelen and run off with her instead of avenging his brother’s death, this can be implied that he is motivated by own desire not by any sensible reason or logic. The conclusion The lagoon is the story of isolation and failure. The isolation of a man who throw away his life and try to fulfill his passionate desire, occurred by love. The lagoon is not only a symbol for isolation in its physical of differentiated area but also Arsat’s moral that only cares for his Tongyoo 4 sake and desire. Arsart kicks himself free from the world and the universe, doesn’t has to care for the royalty or other people attitude, as long as he can has his desire. He even unconsciously destructs Diamelen because of his selfish attitude. It revealed by his action that he choose to have passion better than pride â€Å"There is a time when a man should forget loyalty and respect. Might and authority are given to rulers, but to all men is given love and strength and courage†. In the end, Arsat’s possession of Diamelen is nonpossession, she leave him there, alone in the world Life, is somehow full with controversy, Sometimes it leans toward us but sometimes it doesn’t and likely to depends on the society valuation. Even thought we have decided to believe in ourselves, insisting to stand for our path and be honest to our thought. In the end we still be eliminated, condemned, resisted by the society, because of our difference in thought and action. Living in society, is too difficult to deal with, human can’t only adjust or block their own thought for others forever, if they do so, there will be no difference in any humanity and will no more be themselves. As a result of social pressure, some people have to struggles for live their own life and not depend on the society just like Arsat. Yes, it might good to fully be yourself but it will be bad if you only think for yourself and not even care fore other people. In the end, people will be familiar with their selfishness and it will bring disaster to their life. As a suggestion, studying from Arsat’s life, everything has a solution whether it will be difficult or not. Life is ours and life is not ours, we have to accept the truth that humans are social animals, we create complex social structures composed of many groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans establish a variety of values, social norms and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. From this reason, humans can’t stay alone and in order to live with other people, we have to conform the rules of the society with reasonable evaluation, at the same time respect our thought that will bring us happiness which is not injure other people, family and ourselves. Writer Resource Conrad, Joseph. â€Å"The lagoon. † Cornhill Magazine, 1897. Alvarez, Carmen G. The lagoon A study in imagery, 2009. Billy, Ted. A wilderness of words: closure and disclosure in Conrads short fiction, Texas: Texas tech university press, 2007.